Tenderizing Beef For Stir Fry

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Tenderizing beef for stir fry is quite easy and can be done with almost anything. Normally, what people do to tenderize meat is either steaming or use a marinade that includes lots of salt. Tenderizing beef by boiling it can sometimes seem ineffective. This article will explain in detail How To Tenderize Beef For Stir Fry? with baking soda works.

Are you aware of the health benefits of eating beef? You might not be. This is due to negative publicity involving beef as well as other meats, which can cause people to make a wrong decision on their diet.

Table of Contents

Tenderizing Beef For Stir Fry

How Do You Tenderize Beef For Stir Fry?

In Chinese restaurants, the following four ways are widely used to tenderize beef or red meat for stir-fry dishes:

  • Soda (baking) 1/4 teaspoon baking soda is usually enough to soften 1 pound / 450 g beef; if you add too much, the beef will lose its flavor.
  • Cornstarch is added to the marinade to keep it sealed.
  • Pour in the beaten egg.
  • Half an egg is usually adequate for 1 lb /450 g beef; for less than 1 lb /450 g meat, just a tablespoon. 4.
  • Tenderizer made of chemicals.

To tenderize the beef, whisk together cornstarch, beaten egg, and baking soda powder. These three ways are frequently used together, and I also propose this natural method, which is better for the body.

PRO TIP: Add baking soda and cornstarch 10 minutes before cooking if you’re planning to marinade for more than half an hour or overnight. Allow 30 minutes before adding baking soda. If you leave the baking soda in for too long, the beef will get tough.

What Is The Most Effective Method For Tenderizing Beef For Stir-Frying?

  1. There are a few options, but this is the most straightforward:
  2. On 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces, sprinkle 3/4 tsp baking soda (bi-carbonate soda).
  3. Continue with the stir-fry recipe. It can be cooked simple or marinated with wet or dry ingredients. The beef will be extremely delicate and supple, almost velvety. Just like in your favorite Chinese restaurant’s stir fry!

How Do Chinese Restaurants Get Their Beef To Be So Tender?

In Chinese restaurants, velveting meat is a Chinese cooking technique. Velveting is a method of giving raw meat a soft, slippery, velvety feel by marinating it in cornstarch, egg white, or bicarbonate of soda. Years ago, I would watch my mother “velvet” beef and chicken, neither of us knowing what the name meant but glad that the beef and poultry we ate had a soft textureI guess we took it for granted. It wasn’t until I saw Rachel’s velvet chicken recipe that it occurred to me that my mother had used this procedure and that it was called velveting!

Every now and then, I get an email from a Dear Reader who wants to know how to get the soft texture of meat prevalent in Chinese restaurants. After I’ve shared one of my mother’s recipes, this generally happens. Because I’m not particularly bright, I didn’t see the connection and realize that this was something that you would all find beneficial. But today, I’d like to change that.

What Are The Four Methods For Tenderizing Beef?

Meat can be tenderized in a variety of ways, including slow cooking, marinating, and pounding. While you can tenderize meat at home using a meat mallet or rolling pin, mechanical tenderization, which includes breaking down the meat’s connective tissue with sharp blades, is used by some producers.

How Do You Make Meat Tender And Soft?

The usage of a meat tenderizer is a quick and simple procedure. Place the meat slices between two sheets of food plastic wrap and beat them to break the fibers: the meat tenderizer must move from inside to outside. As a result, the slice will be thinner and softer. The foil will protect the meat and the work surface, but if you wish, you can leave it off. You can also use your hand instead of a meat tenderizer: strike the slice of meat with the carpus of your hand, moving it outwards with a hard movement.

What Are Three Different Techniques To Tenderize Meat?

Tenderness is generally associated with meat quality, whether it’s a juicy tender steak or a fall-off-the-bone tender rib. However, meat texture has less to do with quality and more to do with how the meat is treated both before and after it hits the grill. Let’s take a look at the three primary types of beef tenderization: mechanical, thermal, and enzymatic.

What Effect Does Baking Soda Have On Beef?

By soaking meat in a solution of baking soda and water for a few minutes, the pH on the surface of the flesh is raised, making it more difficult for proteins to link excessively, keeping the meat soft and moist when cooked. Our dishes, like our Vietnamese-Style Caramel Chicken with Broccoli, ask for a 15- to 20-minute treatment, but what if your dinner preparation is delayed and that time is doubled or tripled?

We soaked 12 ounces each of ground beef, sliced chicken breast, and sliced pork in baking soda for 15 to 20 minutes to see if it did more harm than good.

For varied lengths of time before cooking, use 1/4 teaspoon for beef and 1 teaspoon for sliced meats. We were shocked to discover that samples treated for 45 minutes were exactly the same as those treated for 15 minutes.

This is why: The acid/base reaction is relatively fast and does not build up much over time. When we weighed the treated ground beef samples before and after cooking, we discovered that the meat that had been treated for 45 minutes retained only 3% more moisture when cooked than meat that had been treated for only 15 minutes.

THE BOTTOM LINE: A baking soda treatment takes about fifteen minutes, but don’t worry if your dinner preparations are delayed and you need to extend that time.

Is Baking Soda Effective At Tenderizing Meat?

Stay with us if this seems strange. Baking soda alkalizes the surface of the flesh, making it harder for the proteins to link and keeping the meat soft when cooked, according to Cook’s Illustrated.

What Is The Best Way To Soften Beef?

8 Easy Ways to Tenderize Tough Meat

  • Tenderize the flesh physically.
  • Don’t forget to include the salt.
  • Allow it to to room temperature.
  • Cook it on a low-and-slow setting.
  • Make sure you’re at the proper internal temperature.
  • Cut the meat against the grain.

Is It True That Cornstarch Tenderizes Beef?

Why is it that no matter what you eat from an American Chinese restaurant, the texture is out of this world, from egg drop soup to hot kung pao chicken? Cornstarch, a common pantry item, is usually to blame.

Basically has already written on cornstarch’s power, but this time it’s more than an ingredient: Cornstarch is the base of a Chinese cooking technique known as velveting, which entails marinating protein in cornstarch and running it through heated oil or water momentarily before adding it into stir-fries, soups, and stews. Language is a form of power in cuisine, as it is in other aspects of life, and velveting, an elegant talent used without fanfare by home cooks and take-out joints alike, deserves the same respect as a French roux.

Because I grew up in a Chinese Filipino household, the meat I ate was velveted without my knowledge. When dipped into a steaming hot misua with sliced patola and vermicelli, pig slices dusted in cornstarch became wonderfully soft. In a broth seasoned with ginger and black pepper, velvety affordable slices of beef become ultrasilky. The cornstarch softened the meat while also thickening the water, giving the soup a chowder-like consistency unlike any other dish I’d ever had.

How To Tenderize Beef For Stir Fry?

– The pH of the meat’s surface is altered by the baking soda solution. As a result, it is less able to bond together as securely, making it more delicate.- Use 1 teaspoon (6 g) of baking soda per pound of meat if the meat is chopped into many pieces.- This process may be used on entire cuts of beef as well as ground beef, depending on your preference.- It is OK to soak the beef for up to an hour with no negative consequences.

How to tenderise beef for stir fries?

Tenderizing the meat is the key to success. It’s referred to as velveting beef. Because it has been tenderised, your friendly neighborhood Chinese restaurant uses inexpensive stewing beef to prepare stir fries with extremely tender pieces of beef! How to Tenderize Beef – Quickly and Easily! Using 3/4 teaspoon baking soda (bicarbonate soda), sprinkle 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces with salt and pepper.

How do you tenderize beef in Chinese cooking?

This is a Chinese restaurant secret known as ″velveting meat,″ and it is the Chinese method of tenderizing beef in order to make it tender and juicy. 1 pound of sliced inexpensive beef should be sprinkled with 3/4 teaspoon baking soda (bicarbonate of soda). Leave the meat for 30 minutes after tossing it. Remove extra water by rinsing thoroughly.

How to cook sliced beef in stir fry?

Sprinkle 3/4 tsp baking soda (bicarbonate soda) on 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces and bake for 20 minutes .Leave for 30 minutes after tossing with fingers. Remove extra water by rinsing thoroughly. Continue with the stir-fry recipe. It can be marinated with wet or dry spices, or it can be cooked in its natural state.

What is the best way to marinate beef for stir fry?

On 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces, sprinkle 3/4 tsp baking soda (bicarbonate soda) on top. Leave for 30 minutes after tossing with your fingers. Remove extra water by rinsing it off thoroughly. The stir-fry recipe should be followed at that point. It can be marinated with wet or dry spices, or it can be cooked in its natural state without marinating.

How do you soften meat for stir fry?

How to Tenderize Beef – Quickly and Easily!

  1. 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces should be treated with 3/4 teaspoon baking soda (bicarbonate soda).
  2. Toss with your fingers and set aside for 30 minutes.
  3. Remove extra water by rinsing well
  4. Continue with the stir-fry recipe. It can be marinated with wet or dry spices, or it can be cooked in its natural state.

How do you make beef soft and tender?

Bake 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces with 3/4 teaspoon baking soda (bicarbonate soda).
Leave for 30 minutes after tossing with fingers.
Remove extra water by rinsing thoroughly.
The stir-fry recipe should be followed at that point. Alternatively, it can be marinated with wet or dry spices, or it can be just fried plain.

  1. Use the meat tenderizer to make the meat more tender. Meat tenderizers are a simple and convenient technique of preparing meat.
  2. Cover the meat with coarse salt
  3. marinate in an acidic solution.
  4. Fruit purée is used to marinate the meat.
  5. Cooking over a low heat in a pan
  6. grilling
  7. Halfway through the cooking process, add the coarse salt.
  8. Make use of baking soda.

How do you tenderize beef before cooking?

4 Techniques for Tenderizing Steak

  1. Make a marinade: Marinating your steak in acids or enzymes helps to break down the fibers and tenderize it.
  2. Pounding your steak is a simple method of breaking down the fibers and softening the flesh.
  3. To tenderize your steak, just sprinkle it with salt, which helps to break down the protein cells in the flesh.

Does baking soda tenderize beef?

If you’ve never heard of this method of tenderizing beef before, it’s worth mentioning: Tenderize meat by sprinkling it with baking soda. This may seem strange at first, but bear with us. According to Cook’s Illustrated, baking soda alkalizes the surface of the meat, making it more difficult for the proteins to link together and, as a result, keeping the meat soft when cooked.

What are 3 ways to tenderize meat?

If you want to chemically tenderize meat, according to our dependable ″Food Lover’s Companion,″ there are three options: long, slow cooking; the use of a commercial meat tenderizer (Ac’cent is perhaps the most well-known brand); or marinating in an acid-based marinade that contains enzymes, which break down connective tissue.

Does soy sauce tenderize meat?

Is it true that soy sauce tenderizes steak? Yes, soy sauce has the ability to tenderize beef. This is accomplished by the breakdown of the proteins in the meat. After marinating for 30 minutes, the meat becomes softer and easier to chew, which is why you could notice that your steak is somewhat more tender after marinating for 30 minutes.

How do I use baking soda to tenderize ground beef?

Is it true that soy sauce makes steak tender? Soy sauce has the ability to tenderize beef. It accomplishes this by degrading the proteins in the meat, as previously stated. After marinating for 30 minutes, the meat becomes softer and easier to chew, which is why you may notice that your steak is somewhat more tender after marinating for 30 minutes.

How can I tenderize beef without baking soda?

To ensure fall-apart tender meat, just soak your beef slices in these natural tenderizers before cooking.

  1. 1) A cup of tea. There are several natural tenderizers, including: 1) tea, 2) coffee, 3) soda water, 4) fruit (pineapple and other tropical fruits), 5) baking soda or vinegar, 6) beer or wine, or any combination of the above.

How do you fix chewy meat?

Cook the beef for a few minutes in a skillet with a little water or broth, depending on how much you want to spend. To do this, the meat must be allowed to absorb some of the liquid without being allowed to overcook further. This should take no more than a few minutes. It also helps to revitalize the meat if you add a couple of teaspoons of vinegar or lemon juice towards the end.

How do you tenderize ground beef?

Here’s how to do it: A decent rule of thumb is to add around 1/4 teaspoon baking soda for every pound of ground beef and allow the meat to settle for about 15 minutes before cooking. From there, you may cook the ground beef in a hot, dry pan until it is well cooked.

How can I soften meat quickly?

  1. Salt. Sea salt (not table salt) should be sprinkled on your steaks one hour before grilling them.
  2. Tea. Because it contains tannins, it is an excellent natural tenderizer.
  3. Wine, citrus juice, or vinegar are all good options. These are acidic solutions that soften muscle fibers while also imparting flavor to the dish.
  4. Sauces with a tomato basis. Tomatoes are acidic
  5. beer
  6. Coca-Cola
  7. ginger
  8. coffee
  9. and so on.

Does vinegar soften meat?

The answer is yes, but only to a certain extent. When collagen and muscle fibers, the connective components in meat that cause it to be tough, are tenderized and broken down, the meat is more likely to retain all of its fluids during cooking and baking. Protein and collagen in meat are weakened when acidic additives such as vinegar, lemon juice, yogurt, and wine are used.

What is a meat tenderizer Spice?

Meat tenderizer is a term used to describe a powdered enzyme powder that is generated from natural sources. It is either papain, which comes from papayas, or bromelain, which comes from pineapples, which is the enzyme that is most usually employed (a tropical fruit in the bromeliad family). The powder is sprinkled on top of the meat, and the enzymes aid in the breakdown of the meat fibers.

What enzyme tenderize meat?

The papain (a proteolytic enzyme) found naturally in the leaves operated on the structure of the meat, softening it and resulting in it being more tender.

How to make tender shredded beef?

  1. The following are the ingredients and preparation instructions: Pour in the water and stir in the containers of brown gravy and ranch dressing.
  2. Serving Suggestions The following are some ideas for serving your shredded beef to ensure that no portion is wasted.
  3. Yet another set of suggestions
  4. Please continue reading. Purchase a couple of cans of enchilada sauce for your convenience. The majority of the time, I merely use a light red sauce.

How to cook perfect beef stir fry every time?

  1. Make certain that your wok is really hot! The high-heat used in stir-frying imparts its distinct tastes.
  2. Cook the meat first, if possible. Make sure it is at room temperature before cooking so that it cooks evenly. Cooking it in batches is also recommended for the same reason.
  3. Cook the veggies first, then remove the meat from the pan. As a result, you will not get tough, overdone meat.

How To Tenderize Beef For Stir Fry?

There are a few options, but this is the most straightforward:

On 250g / 8oz sliced cheap beef pieces, sprinkle 3/4 tsp baking soda (bi-carbonate soda).

Continue with the stir-fry recipe. It can be cooked simple or marinated with wet or dry ingredients. The beef will be extremely delicate and supple, almost velvety. Just like in your favorite Chinese restaurant’s stir fry!

How Do The Chinese Achieve Such Delicate Meat?

In Chinese restaurants, velveting meat is a Chinese cooking technique. Velveting is a method of giving raw meat a soft, slippery, velvety feel by marinating it in cornstarch, egg white, or bicarbonate of soda. Years ago, I would watch my mother “velvet” beef and chicken, neither of us knowing what the name meant but glad that the beef and poultry we ate had a soft textureI guess we took it for granted. It wasn’t until I saw Rachel’s velvet chicken recipe that it occurred to me that my mother had used this procedure and that it was called velveting!

Every now and then, I get an email from a Dear Reader who wants to know how to get the soft texture of meat prevalent in Chinese restaurants. After I’ve shared one of my mother’s recipes, this generally happens. Because I’m not particularly bright, I didn’t see the connection and realize that this was something that you would all find beneficial. But today, I’d like to change that.

In A Stir-Fry, How Do You Keep Beef From Becoming Tough?

Using a 45-degree angle, thinly slice the beef against the grain. Each slice should be somewhat thicker than 1/8 inch but not quite as thin as 1/4 inch. From coconut aminos to baking soda, make an I Heart Umami beef stir-fry marinade. Tenderize the beef using baking soda.

What Are The Methods Used By Chinese Chefs To Tenderize Meat?

I enjoy and make Chinese food, but it wasn’t until 5-6 years ago that I discovered a “secret” that elevated my Chinese cuisine from mediocre to excellent.

Background: In preparation for a fantastic Chinese stir-fry, I would methodically slice, dice, and prep beef, chicken, or shrimp (along with a lot of vegetables).

Dinner was delicious in the end, but the protein lacked the typical “velvety” soft feel I crave in Chinese restaurants and take-out.

I’m here to explain an age-old Chinese cooking technique for “tenderizing” proteins that doesn’t involve pounding, but rather a protective covering that keeps it soft.

In Chinese cookery, velveting meat is just as vital as browning meat is in French cooking.

Proteins (such as beef, chicken, pork, and shrimp) can be tender when stir-fried, but not quite as tender as ones that have been velveted first.

Velveting includes coating and marinating desired-sized pieces of meat for around 30-45 minutes in a mixture of cornstarch, rice wine, egg whites, salt, sugar, and sometimes soy sauce.

The meat is then cooked for 30-45 seconds in barely simmering water or warm oil, just to the point of being done (which is ideal for stir-frying).

Velveting can be done ahead of time for stir-frying, but it must be done in water if you plan on refrigerating it at all or overnight, as the oil method becomes “funky” in the refrigerator.

How Do You Make Meat Tender And Soft?

The usage of a meat tenderizer is a quick and simple procedure. Place the meat slices between two sheets of food plastic wrap and beat them to break the fibers: the meat tenderizer must move from inside to outside. As a result, the slice will be thinner and softer. The foil will protect the meat and the work surface, but if you wish, you can leave it off. You can also use your hand instead of a meat tenderizer: strike the slice of meat with the carpus of your hand, moving it outwards with a hard movement.

What Are Three Different Techniques To Tenderize Meat?

Tenderness is generally associated with meat quality, whether it’s a juicy tender steak or a fall-off-the-bone tender rib. However, meat texture has less to do with quality and more to do with how the meat is treated both before and after it hits the grill. Let’s take a look at the three primary types of beef tenderization: mechanical, thermal, and enzymatic.

What Is The Best Way To Soften Beef?

  • Tenderize the flesh physically.
  • Don’t forget to include the salt.
  • Allow it to to room temperature.
  • Cook it on a low-and-slow setting.
  • Make sure you’re at the proper internal temperature.
  • Cut the meat against the grain.

Is It True That Soy Sauce Tenderizes Meat?

  • Salt and soy sauce tenderize meat, aid in moisture retention, and enhance flavor.
  • Browning qualities are aided by sugar.
  • Oil aids in the distribution of fat-soluble aromatic chemicals throughout the meat.
  • Cornstarch protects the meat from the strong heat of a hot wok, preventing it from overcooking around the edges.
  • Pepper and wine, for example, give meat a wonderful basic flavor that goes well with other components.

What Effect Does Baking Soda Have On Beef?

By soaking meat in a solution of baking soda and water for a few minutes, the pH on the surface of the flesh is raised, making it more difficult for proteins to link excessively, keeping the meat soft and moist when cooked. Our dishes, like our Vietnamese-Style Caramel Chicken with Broccoli, ask for a 15- to 20-minute treatment, but what if your dinner preparation is delayed and that time is doubled or tripled?

We soaked 12 ounces each of ground beef, sliced chicken breast, and sliced pork in baking soda for 15 to 20 minutes to see if it did more harm than good.

For varied lengths of time before cooking, use 1/4 teaspoon for beef and 1 teaspoon for sliced meats. We were shocked to discover that samples treated for 45 minutes were exactly the same as those treated for 15 minutes.

This is why: The acid/base reaction is relatively fast and does not build up much over time. When we weighed the treated ground beef samples before and after cooking, we discovered that the meat that had been treated for 45 minutes retained only 3% more moisture when cooked than meat that had been treated for only 15 minutes.

THE BOTTOM LINE: A baking soda treatment takes about fifteen minutes, but don’t worry if your dinner preparations are delayed and you need to extend that time.

Health Benefits of Eating Beef

 1.Beef Contains Carnosine, a Potent Amino Acid

Another advantage of eating beef is that it provides an abundance of carnosine.

Carnosine (beta-analyl-L-histidine) is an amino acid found throughout the body, and it has several important roles in human health.

As beef is one of the highest sources of carnosine (containing about 50% more than poultry), this is another health benefit.

What Does Carnosine Do?

For one thing, carnosine has anti-glycosylation properties.

To be exact, carnosine reduces the harms of a process called ‘glycation’ which involves advanced glycation end-products (AGES).

Glycation is central to the aging process and progressively damages our body, potentially leading to atherosclerosis and various other chronic diseases 

Additionally, carnosine helps boost the immune system and reduce inflammation. The amino acid is also thought to help prevent lipid peroxidation within our cells .

Key Point: Beef (and red meat in general) is the best dietary source of carnosine.

2. Beef is Full of Vitamins

There are many important nutrients in beef, and those present in significant amounts include the range of B vitamins ;

Additionally, beef also contains smaller amounts of vitamins E and K.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a notably essential nutrient, and this is because it is only available from animal foods.

This vitamin also has a wealth of benefits that include skin improvements, positive mood, better sleep, and neural regeneration

It’s important to realize that insufficient vitamin B12 may also increase the risk of depression and mental health issues

Fortunately, a 6oz serving of beef provides almost 100% of the recommended amount of B12.

Those most at risk from B12 deficiency are vegetarians/vegans, and these groups should supplement with the vitamin.

Key Point: Beef is high in B vitamins which help promote health. Vitamin B12 is particularly important since it isn’t present in plant-based foods.

3. Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Otherwise known as CLA, conjugated linoleic acid is a naturally occurring trans-fat.

Don’t worry, although the “trans-fat” name is a little scary, it has a very different effect to the synthetic version.

Randomized controlled studies involving human participants suggest that;

  • Conjugated linoleic acid helps to improve insulin sensitivity (30)
  • CLA appears to promote fat loss

Notably, the bulk of the evidence suggests that getting CLA from real food is better than supplementation

As is usually the case, perhaps nutrients in whole foods have a different effect to a synthetic pill?

Food Sources of CLA

The top sources of CLA include meat and dairy products.

After lamb and certain cheeses, beef is the next highest provider of the nutrient.

Although all beef contains CLA, meat fed with grass or quality hay offers a significantly higher amount of CLA than meat from non-ruminants.

Specifically, the average amount of CLA in grass-fed beef is 0.46% of the fat content.

With grain-fed beef, this average content drops to 0.16% of fat

Key Point: Beef—especially from grass-fed cows—is one of the highest sources of conjugated linoleic acid.

4. Beef Contains the Performance Enhancer Creatine

Almost everyone knows the dietary supplement version of creatine, but did you know that beef contains it too?

In fact, beef typically contains 350mg creatine per 100g

The health benefits that creatine bring include;

  • Improved exercise performance
  • Creatine assists in muscle growth and development
  • Provides muscles with greater energy supply and improves endurance
  • Increased muscular size

It’s also worth noting that our liver can produce about 2g creatine per day, depending on the pre-cursors being available.

Creatine precursors include arginine, glycine, and methionine

Not only are all of these amino acids present in beef, but beef is one of the single most significant dietary sources for them.

In other words, eating beef gives you a decent amount of dietary creatine, and it helps your body to produce it too.

Key Point: Beef has two positive impacts on creatine levels. Firstly, it directly provides it to the body and secondly, it helps the body to make it.

5. Beef is Very Affordable

We may hear how beef is so much more expensive than vegetables and other plant-based foods.

For some reason, these claims often compare broccoli to beef.

However, these calculations are a little disingenuous. Yes, broccoli is indeed a lot cheaper than beef per 100g.

But just how much energy does 100g provide?

200g of beef will typically provide around 550 calories, but 200g of broccoli only contains 70 calories.

This means that per 100g, beef contains eight times the amount of energy than broccoli.

It is therefore apparent: per calorie, beef is substantially cheaper than broccoli – and probably every vegetable.

Key Point: Per calorie, beef is a very affordable food – it’s cheaper than vegetables.

6. Beef is Very Simple to Make

This one isn’t a health benefit as such, but it could be if it encourages more home cooking.

Beef is a straightforward food to cook. It requires no lengthy recipe or complex preparation procedures.

Add a little salt, put it in the oven, and wait until done.

In an age where people claim not to have time to cook, a traditional dinner of beef and veggies is very simple and time-efficient.

Key Point: Beef requires minimal preparation, and it’s quick and simple to cook.

Final Thoughts

Beef contains dozens of health-promoting nutrients that we need in our diet.

Sure, there are other foods which offer some of the same positives, but not in the same amount.

Overall, it is one of the most nutrient-dense foods in the human diet.

Bottom line: there are many health benefits of eating beef.

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